Systems and techniques for auto-calibration and fast tuning of voltage controlled oscillators in phase-lock loops

ABSTRACT

Systems, circuits, and techniques for the calibration and fast tuning of VCOs in PLLs are provided. Information for coarse tuning before normal operation are calculated and stored. These systems and techniques decrease significantly the time needed for a PLL to transition from one frequency to another. These techniques involve: determining a digital code D c , to coarse tune to a calibration frequency, F c ; dividing the operating frequency band of the PLL into a plurality of sub-bands; determining and storing the information needed to generate the offsets for each sub-band. In tuning to a desired frequency, these systems and techniques involve: determining the sub-band corresponding to the desired frequency, F, generating the offset for that sub-band, calculating the digital code for coarse tuning the VCO to the desired sub-band, coarse tuning to a frequency within the desired sub-band, and fine tuning to the desired frequency.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority from U.S. patent application entitled “METHODS FOR AUTO-CALIBRATION AND FAST TUNING OF VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATORS IN PHASE-LOCK LOOPS,” application Ser. No. 11/347,114, filed Feb. 3, 2006, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods for calibrating and fast tuning of voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs) in phase-lock loops (PLLs), and, in particular, it relates to methods for the fast tuning of VCOs in PLLs from one locked frequency to another.

BACKGROUND

The growing demand for wireless communications has led to designs for radios and other communication equipment that permit the integration of more components onto a single chip. Advances in CMOS semiconductor processing now allow the integration of radio receiver and transmitter onto a single-chip RF transceiver that reduces cost, size, and power consumption. This very high level of integration and the ability to fit a high density of transistors on silicon have enabled new solutions for existing problems.

PLLs using VCOs form the core components for most communication system hardware implementations. Applications with PLLs include radio-frequency (RF) receivers and transmitters for all communication standards, optical fiber communications, network communications, and storage systems applications.

In normal operations, the PLL is expected to step within a specified time from one locked frequency to another, e.g. stepping from a receive channel to a transmit channel in a transceiver. The specified time allowed for this transition in frequency is determined by the specifications of the communication system. During such a transition, the PLL must lock and settle to the new frequency and, equally importantly, the PLL must operate optimally at the new frequency within the specified time. Auto-calibrating the VCO allows the PLL to achieve the frequency transition within the specified time period in spite of the variations introduced during the manufacturing process.

PLLs are generally built with a phase detector, charge pump, filter, VCO, a digital control logic block, D, for programming the VCO, and a divider (÷N) such that the frequency of the output signal of the VCO, F_(out), is locked to a multiple (N) of a reference frequency F_(ref). FIG. 1 shows an example of a PLL using a VCO with coarse and fine tuning and FIG. 2 shows a VCO that can be used in a PLL. The coarse tuning is conducted using a switchable capacitor array (8 b) that switches in the correct value of capacitance. The fine tuning then uses an analog control voltage signal, V_(fine-tune), to set the capacitance of a voltage-dependent-capacitor or varactor, to “capture” the desired frequency. This combination of coarse and fine tuning allows the PLL designer to have a low voltage-to-frequency conversion gain in the VCO (K_(vco)), thereby improving a PLL's performance. In order to minimize K_(vco), the value of the varactor is minimized and the values of the coarse tuning capacitors are maximized. Thus, it is essential to switch to the correct value of the coarse tuning capacitor each time a frequency step is requested.

Previously, one method for the fast tuning of a VCO involves the use of a coarse tuning varactor and a fine tuning varactor. The coarse tuning varactor is set based on the output of digital counter and a DAC (digital to analog converter). U.S. Pat. No. 6,566,966. This process is repeated each time the VCO steps from one frequency to another leading to a slow tuning response.

Another method involves the creation of a look-up table by turning on and off all the possible combinations of the coarse tuning switches and recording and storing the VCO output frequencies for a fixed setting of the fine tuning analog control voltage. U.S. Pat. No. 6,512,419. During normal operation, this table is used to obtain the correct digital code to coarse tune to the desired frequency. The calibration time for this approach is long and a large storage memory is required to store this information.

Another method involves choosing a set of switched varactors during calibration and using the fine tuning varactor to switch from one tuning frequency to another. U.S. Pat. No. 6,933,789. This method has a major drawback in that it cannot ensure a low K_(vco). In the application of the method described in this patent, the frequency band of operation determines how small the fine tuning varactor can be and hence how low the K_(vco) can be. Therefore, previously known methods are not suitable for use in applications requiring high speed PLL frequency transition times.

Due to the limitations of the prior art, it is therefore desirable to have novel methods that provide high speed VCO calibration and fast tuning during frequency transitions.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

An object of this invention is to provide novel methods for calibrating VCOs in PLLs for applications in high speed tuning such that the time needed for the calibration is short.

Another object of this invention is to provide novel methods for calibrating VCOs in PLLs for applications that require high speed tuning, short calibration time, and limited memory storage.

The present invention provides novel methods for the auto-calibrating and fast tuning of VCOs in PLLs. It calculates and pre-stores information for coarse tuning before normal operation and therefore decreases significantly the time needed for a PLL to transition from one frequency to another. These methods include the following steps: determining the digital code D_(c) to coarse tune to a calibration frequency, F_(c); dividing said frequency band of the PLL into a plurality of sub-bands; determining and storing the information needed to generate the offsets for each sub-band, determining the sub-band of a desired frequency, generating the offset for the sub-band of the desired frequency, calculating the digital code for coarse tuning to the sub-band of the desired sub-band, using the digital code to coarse tuning to the sub-band, and fine tuning to the desired frequency.

An advantage of this invention is that the methods of calibrating VCOs in PLLs of this invention have applications that require high speed tuning, short calibration time, and limited memory storage.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects, aspects and advantages of the invention will be better understood from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of this invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a simplified circuit diagram of an example of a PLL using a VCO, where the digital control logic block programs the PLL.

FIG. 2 is a simplified circuit schematic of an example of a VCO with a switchable capacitor array for coarse tuning and varactors for fine tuning.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The presently preferred methods of this invention for the fast tuning of PLLs with VCOs within a predetermined frequency band of operation take advantage of the principle that digital code offsets of sub-bands as they relate to a calibration frequency are independent of variables introduced in the manufacturing process. Presently preferred methods calculates, calibrates, generates and stores information for generating offsets of sub-bands before actual operation and substantially decrease the time needed to tune to a desired frequency. These methods allow PLLs to quickly transition from one frequency to another. The information for generating offsets for each sub-bands are functions of the offsets and the digital code of the reference frequency, F_(c). In some embodiments, they can be the actual digital code offsets for the sub-bands. In other preferred embodiments as discussed below, they can be used to calculate the offsets for each sub-band without the use of the digital codes for each of the sub-bands. The size of this information for generating the offsets is relatively small and therefore require small amount of memory for storage.

Presently preferred methods include the following steps: at each pre-chosen time, a calibration routine is used to coarse tune the PLL to a pre-determined calibration frequency, F_(c). In preferred embodiments, in this initial calibration process, the fine tuning control voltage is fixed at a pre-determined value while the coarse tuning switches of the VCO are thrown to coarse tune to said calibration frequency F_(c), i.e., to obtain a center frequency for the VCO as close as possible to F_(c). Techniques such as a standard binary search technique may be used to obtain said center frequency. This initial calibration routine generates a digital code, Dc, for said calibration frequency, F_(c). This digital code, Dc, is then stored in memory.

The frequency band of operation is then subdivided into a pre-determined number of sub-bands. The number of sub-bands determines the maximum variation of the fine tuning control voltage from the pre-determined value across the entire band of operating frequencies. This variation can be minimized by subdividing the entire frequency range into a larger number of bands.

The information for generating the offsets for these sub-bands can then be calculated and stored. The information is stored because they are relatively independent of process and operating conditions. Each digital code offset, when added to or subtracted from D_(c), respectively, yields the digital code for coarse tuning the VCO to a frequency within that particular sub-band, i.e., to coarse tune to the sub-band. In the present discussion, this method of coarse tuning is referred to as coarse tuning to a frequency within a sub-band.

The choice of F_(c) determines how the offsets are to be added or subtracted from the digital code D_(c). If F_(c) is the highest frequency of the frequency band, then offset for a sub-band is added to Dc to obtain the digital code for coarse tuning to a frequency within that particular sub-band. If F_(c) is the lowest frequency of the frequency band, then the offset for a sub-band will be subtracted from Dc to obtain the digital code for coarse tuning to a frequency within that sub-band. If F_(c) is an intermediate value between the highest and lowest frequency of the frequency band, offsets for a sub-band will either be added to or subtracted from D_(c) depending on whether the frequency of the sub-band of interest is lower or higher than F_(c).

There are a number of ways to obtain the offset for the sub-bands. In one method, the digital code for a particular frequency within a sub-band can be measured during the calibration process. The offsets for the sub-band can then be defined as either the digital code for that particular frequency subtracting D_(c), or D_(c) subtracting the digital code for that particular frequency, depending on the magnitude of the particular frequency relative to the calibration frequency. For example, if a switchable capacitor array is used to determine the digital code for the coarse tuning, flipping the switches of the capacitors in the switchable capacitor array can provide the offsets for the different frequencies in the sub-bands.

In another method, the offsets can be calculated using standard circuit simulators such as Spectre™ from Cadence Systems. For example, the extracted view of the VCO can be simulated to obtain the code D_(high) for coarse tuning to the highest frequency in the band. Thus, D_(high) is the digital code which, when inputted to the VCO, causes it to oscillate very close to the highest frequency of the band. The search for D_(high) can be performed using an algorithm such as binary search. The other input to the VCO, V_(ctrl), is set at a pre-determined fixed voltage. In an identical fashion, D_(low), the digital code for coarse tuning to the lowest frequency in the band can be obtained. The other input to the VCO, Vctrl, is again set at the same pre-determined fixed voltage as during the search for D_(high). The total offset for the band, O_(tot), is D_(low) minus D_(high) since D_(low) is greater than D_(high). This total offset is one type of the information that can be used for generating the offsets for each sub-band. It is a fixed number that can be stored in the digital memory.

Of course, the total offset does not necessarily have to be defined as the difference between the digital codes for coarse tuning to the highest and lowest frequencies. A different total offset O_(tot) can be defined and calculated as the difference in the digital codes for coarse tuning to any two frequencies, F₁ and F₂, within said frequency band of operation.

If silicon measurements on a test run of a prototype show that the offset is not exactly as simulated, a more accurate offset can be obtained from measurements in an identical fashion to that described above. The corrected offset would then be hard-wired in the digital memory before mass production.

The offset for each for each of the sub-bands can then be calculated by interpolating or extrapolating the total offset, O_(tot) over the frequency band. For example, when the F_(c) is the highest frequency of the band and O_(tot) defined as the difference between the digital codes of the highest and lowest frequency within the pre-determined frequency band, the offset for each sub-band can be calculated by interpolating the total offset O_(tot). The offset for the highest sub-band at the highest frequencies can equal zero and the offset for the lowest sub-band at the lowest frequencies can equal O_(tot). The above described steps can be performed during normal operation or just once before the normal operation and stored in memory.

Variations of the above-described methods for determining the total offset can be used to obtain the offset for each sub-band. For example, the offset between two frequencies in the frequency band, not necessarily the highest and lowest, can be found in a similar manner. The offsets for the each sub-band can then be obtained by interpolating and/or extrapolating this new offset found over the frequencies of the entire band.

During normal operation, when the PLL is needed to lock to a desired lock frequency F (a desired frequency), within the frequency band, the difference between F and Fc determines the sub-band (the desired sub-band) to be used. Once the sub-band is determined, the offset for that sub-band, is calculated or generated from the information stored in memory or a look-up table, added to or subtracted from the stored code Dc to generate the digital code D for coarse tuning to the desired sub-band that the desired lock frequency F is located. After the coarse tuning process, the PLL then locks to the desired frequency F using the fine tuning control.

By refining the methods described above, other methods for the tuning of VCOs can be arrived. For example, instead of using one calibration frequency, a number of calibration frequencies can be used. These calibration frequencies effectively divide the frequency band of operation into a corresponding number of “smaller frequency bands” with a calibration frequency occupying a “smaller frequency band.” Application of the above described methods for each of the “smaller frequency band” will allow for the tuning over the entire frequency band.

The following presently preferred embodiments are specific applications of the fast tuning methods of this invention and further describe this invention. FIG. 2 shows an example of an inductor-capacitor based VCO with coarse and fine tuning where the fast tuning and auto-calibration methods of this invention can be applied. In this example the VCO, connected to an active circuit block, comprises of an inductor 34, two varactors 24 and 26 for the fine tuning, and a switchable capacitor array 22 for coarse tuning. The number of switchable capacitor array will determine the size of the digital code. If eight binary-weighted coarse-tuning capacitors are used in the capacitor array 22, then eight bits of a digital code, Dc, are applied to the coarse tuning array 22 to tune the VCO in coarse steps. A fine tuning voltage, V_(fine-tune), the output of the filter in FIG. 1, is applied to the varactors.

An example of the calibration methods of this invention can be illustrated using the VCO circuit in FIG. 2 with a 1 nH inductor, 34, two varactors, 24 and 26, each with 1 pF nominal capacitance, and a 2.55 pF switchable coarse tuning capacitor array 22. Eight binary-weighted coarse tuning capacitors from C0 (smallest) to C7 (largest) can be used in the capacitor array 22 and are placed in parallel to form the switchable capacitor array. These capacitors have the values C0=0.01 pF, C1=0.02 pF, C2=0.04 pF, C3=0.08 pF, C4=0.16 pF, C5=0.32 pF, C6=0.64 pF, and C7=1.28 pF. The varactors yield a fine tuning coefficient, K_(vco), of 100 MHz/V at an oscillation frequency of 3.68 GHz.

Embodiments 1 and 2 illustrate the above-described VCO of the fast tuning and calibration methods of this invention.

Example Embodiment 1

If the frequency band of operation is 100 MHz wide and ranges from 3.67 GHz to 3.77 GHz, an example of the fast tuning method of this invention to lock this VCO within this range of frequency includes the following steps:

At each pre-chosen time, a calibration routine is used to coarse tune the PLL to the pre-determined calibration frequency, F_(c), at 3.77 GHz. In this initial calibration process, the fine tuning control voltage is fixed at 1 volt while the coarse tuning switches are thrown using a standard binary search technique to obtain a center frequency for the VCO as close as possible to F_(c)=3.77 GHz. This initial calibration routine generates the digital code D_(c)=10000000. This generated Dc is then stored in memory.

The frequency range of operation is then subdivided into 5 bands, each 20 MHz wide. Therefore, the frequency ranges in GHz of the five sub-bands are: {3.75 GHz, 3.77 GHz}, {3.73 GHz, 3.75 GHz}, {3.71 GHz, 3.73 GHz}. (3.69 GHz, 3.71 GHz), and {3.67 GHz, 3.69 GHz}. The VCO center frequencies for the sub-bands are 3.76, 3.74, 3.72, 3.70, and 3.68 GHz respectively.

The offsets for these sub-bands can then be calculated and stored in a look-up table. Each offset, when added to Dc, respectively, yields the digital code for coarse tuning the VCO to a frequency within the sub-band. In this embodiment, the offsets can be calculated from the circuit diagram. The binary values for the offsets of the five bands are: Oc₀=00000001; Oc₁=00000011; Oc₂=00000111; Oc₃=00001001; and Oc₄=00001011. Each offset, when added to Dc, respectively, yields the VCO center frequencies of 3.76, 3.74, 3.72, 3.70, and 3.68 GHz.

During normal operation, when the PLL is needed to lock at a desired lock frequency F (a desired frequency), the difference between F and Fc can determine the sub-band (desired sub-band) to be used. Once the sub-band is determined, the pre-programmed offset for that sub-band is obtained from the look-up table, added to the stored code Dc to generate the code D for coarse tuning to a frequency within the sub-band (desired sub-band) of the lock frequency (desired frequency) F. The PLL then locks to the desired lock frequency F using the fine tuning control.

The maximum variation of the fine tuning control voltage from the desirable value of 1 volt is 100 mV across the entire region of operating frequencies. This variation can be minimized by subdividing the entire frequency range into a larger number of bands and increasing the size of the look-up table, e.g. by having 10 bands, the fine tuning control voltage variation drops to 50 mV.

Manufacturing process variation of 20% for the capacitors yields a small additional uncertainty of 40 mV in the tuning control voltage.

Example Embodiment 2

If the frequency band of operation is 96 MHz wide and ranges from 3.674 GHz to 3.77 GHz, an example of fast tuning method of this invention to lock this VCO within this range of frequency includes the following steps:

At each pre-chosen time, a calibration routine is used to coarse tune the PLL to the pre-determined calibration frequency, F_(c), to 3.77 GHz. In this initial calibration process, the fine tuning control voltage is fixed at 1 volt while the coarse tuning switches are thrown using a standard binary search technique to obtain a center frequency for the VCO as close as possible to F_(c)=3.77 GHz. This initial calibration routine generates the digital code D_(c)=10000000. This Dc is then stored in memory.

The frequency band of operation is subdivided into 16 sub-bands, each 6 MHz wide.

One method of calculating the offset for each sub-band and involve the use of standard circuit simulators such as Spectre™ from Cadence Systems. The extracted view of the VCO is simulated to obtain the code D_(high) corresponding to the highest frequency in the band. Thus, D_(high) is the digital code which, when inputted to the VCO, causes it to oscillate very close to the highest frequency of the band, i.e., coarse tune to the highest frequency of the band. The search for D_(high) can be performed using an algorithm such as binary search. The other input to the VCO, V_(ctrl), is set at a fixed voltage of 1 volt. In other variations of the methods for obtaining the offsets for each sub-band, the V_(ctrl) can be set to other voltages.

In an identical fashion code D_(low), the digital code for coarse tuning to lowest frequency in the band, can be obtained. The other input to the VCO, V_(ctrl), is again set at 1 volt, the same fixed voltage as during the search for D_(high).

The total offset for the band, O_(tot), is D_(low)−D_(high) since D_(low)>D_(high). This total offset is a fixed number that is stored in the digital memory. In this example, the total offset, O_(tot) is calculated to equal 00001011 and stored in the digital memory.

If silicon measurements on a test run of a prototype show that the offset is not exactly as simulated then a more accurate offset can be obtained from measurements in an identical fashion to that described above. The corrected offset would then be hard-wired in the digital memory before mass production.

The offset for each of the sub-bands can then be calculated by interpolating the total offset, O_(tot) over the frequency band. The offset for the highest sub-band, i.e., the sub-band at the highest frequencies, is zero while the offset for the lowest sub-band, i.e., the sub-band at the lowest frequencies, is O_(tot). The above described steps can be performed during normal operation or just performed once before normal operation and then stored in memory.

During normal operation, when the PLL is needed to lock to a desired lock frequency F, within the frequency band. The sub-band for the desired lock frequency can easily be determined by examining the frequency ranges of the sub-bands. Once that is determined, the “digital control logic” then calculates the offset associated with the sub-band of interest by linearly interpolating the offset with “0” for the highest sub-band and O_(tot) for the lowest sub-band. This offset is then added to the stored code D_(c) to generate the digital code D for coarse tuning to a frequency within the sub-band (desired sub-band) of the desired lock frequency F. After the coarse tuning process, the PLL then locks to the target frequency F using the fine tuning control.

While the present invention has been described with reference to certain preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to such specific embodiments. Rather, it is the inventor's contention that the invention be understood and construed in its broadest meaning as reflected by the following claims. Thus, these claims are to be understood as incorporating not only the preferred embodiments described herein but all those other and further alterations and modifications as would be apparent to those of ordinary skilled in the art. 

1. A frequency-tuning circuit for a phase-lock loop (PLL) circuit, the circuit comprising: a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) having a frequency band of operation and comprising a coarse frequency tuning input, a fine frequency tuning input, and an output; a memory unit configured to store a coarse digital code corresponding to a calibration frequency; a coarse frequency tuning controller configured to access the coarse digital code, determine at least one offset corresponding to at least one of a plurality of frequency sub-bands within the frequency band of operation of the VCO, combine the coarse digital code and the offset to generate a coarse tuning output, and apply the coarse tuning output to the coarse frequency tuning input of the VCO to tune the output of the VCO to a first frequency within the sub-band; and a fine frequency tuning controller configured to produce a fine tuning output and, while the coarse tuning output is applied to the coarse frequency tuning input of the VCO, provide the fine tuning output to the fine frequency tuning input of the VCO to tune the VCO to a second frequency within the sub-band.
 2. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 1, wherein the coarse frequency tuning input is coupled to a switchable capacitor array.
 3. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 2, wherein the switchable capacitor array comprises a plurality of capacitors, wherein a number of capacitors in the plurality of capacitors relate to a number of bits in the coarse digital code.
 4. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 1, wherein the calibration frequency is a center frequency of the VCO.
 5. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 4, wherein the frequency-tuning circuit is configured to determine the center frequency of the VCO.
 6. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 1, wherein to combine the coarse digital code and the offset, the coarse frequency tuning controller is configured to: add the offset and the coarse digital code if frequencies within the sub-band are less than the calibration frequency; and subtract the offset from the coarse digital code if the frequencies within the sub-band are greater than the calibration frequency.
 7. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 1, wherein the memory unit is configured to store information for generating the offset for each sub-band comprising a total offset O_(tot), wherein the total offset O_(tot) comprises a difference between digital codes D₁ and D₂, wherein the digital code D₁ is for coarse tuning to a first coarse tuning frequency F₁ and the digital code D₂ is for coarse tuning to a second coarse tuning frequency F₂, and wherein F₁ is greater than F₂.
 8. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 7, wherein F₁ is a highest frequency of a frequency band of operation and F₂ is a lowest frequency of the frequency band of operation.
 9. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 1, wherein the memory unit is configured to store information for generating an offset for each sub-band, wherein the offset for each sub-band represents a digital code offset with respect to the coarse digital code.
 10. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 1, wherein the fine frequency tuning input is coupled to two varactors coupled to a fine-tuning voltage node.
 11. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 1, wherein the fine frequency tuning controller comprises a fine tuning coefficient, K_(vco).
 12. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 1, wherein: the coarse frequency tuning input is coupled to a switchable capacitor array that comprises a plurality of capacitors, a number of capacitors in the plurality of capacitors relates to a number of bits in the coarse digital code, and the fine frequency tuning input is coupled to two varactors coupled to a fine-tuning voltage control node.
 13. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 12, wherein the memory unit is configured to store a look-up table of offsets for each sub-band.
 14. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 13, wherein a size of the look-up table and a number of the sub-bands relate to a maximum variation of a voltage at the fine-tuning voltage control node.
 15. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 1, further comprising digital control logic, wherein the digital control logic is configured to calculate the offset for the sub-band by linearly interpolating offsets for a highest sub-band frequency and a lowest sub-hand frequency.
 16. The frequency-tuning circuit of claim 1, further comprising digital control logic, wherein the digital control logic is configured to calculate the offset for the sub-band by linearly interpolating a total offset over the frequency band.
 17. A system for tuning a phase-lock loop (PLL) circuit, the system comprising: a phase detector having a first input for a reference frequency, F_(ref); a charge pump having an input coupled with an output of the phase detector; a filter having an input coupled to an output of the charge pump; a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) having a frequency band of operation and comprising an active circuit, an inductor, a plurality of varactors, a switched-capacitor array, a fine frequency tuning input, a coarse frequency tuning input, and an output, wherein the fine frequency tuning input of the VCO is coupled to an output of the filter; a divider circuit having an input coupled to the output of the VCO, and an output of the divider circuit coupled to a second input of the phase detector; a memory unit configured to store a coarse digital code corresponding to a calibration frequency; a coarse frequency tuning controller configured to access the coarse digital code, determine at least one offset corresponding to at least one of a plurality of frequency sub-bands within the frequency band of operation of the VCO, combine the coarse digital code and the offset to generate a coarse tuning output, and apply the coarse tuning output to the coarse frequency tuning input of the VCO to tune the output of the VCO to a first frequency within the sub-band; and a fine frequency tuning controller configured to produce a fine tuning output and, while the coarse tuning output is applied to the coarse frequency tuning input of the VCO, provide the fine tuning output to the fine frequency tuning input of the VCO to tune the VCO to a second frequency within the sub-band, wherein: the active circuit is coupled to the inductor, the inductor is coupled to the switched-capacitor array, the switched-capacitor array is coupled to the plurality of varactors, the switched-capacitor array is controlled with a digital code, D_(c), on the coarse frequency tuning input, and the plurality of varactors are configured for fine frequency tuning and the switched-capacitor array is configured for coarse frequency tuning.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the memory unit is configured to store offsets for each of the sub-bands of frequencies.
 19. The system of claim 17, wherein to combine the coarse digital code and the offset, the coarse frequency tuning controller is configured to: add the offset and the coarse digital code if frequencies within the sub-band are less than the calibration frequency; and subtract the offset from the coarse digital code if the frequencies within the sub-band are greater than the calibration frequency. 